Toevalskunst

Om een schilderij te maken dat in mathematische zin toevallig is, moet een verzameling van mogelijkheden expliciet gedefinieerd worden, met een kansverdeling over deze mogelijkheden; een individueel schilderij wordt dan gegenereerd door daaruit een random keuze te maken. Ideeën in deze richting zijn voor het eerst gelanceerd in het begin van de twintigste eeuw, door b.v. Hans Arp, Lewis Carrol, Marcel Duchamp, en Tristan Tzara. De benadering werd tot principe verheven in de jaren vijftig in Parijs, door Ellsworth Kelly en François Morellet. In de zestiger jaren pasten talrijke Europese kunstenaars dit principe toe: o.m. Mark Boyle, Kenneth Martin, Manfred Mohr, Frieder Nake, Georg Nees, Michael Noll, Peter Struycken, Zdenek Sykora, en herman de vries.

Citaten over toevalskunst.

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Filosofische digressie: Bestaat mathematisch toeval wel?

Je hebt toeval in soorten:

• Feitelijke onvoorspelbaarheid met onbekende en verwaarloosbaar kleine bias: Dobbelsteen. Thermische ruis. (Je zou heel makkelijk thermische ruis kunnen gebruiken in DSP chips. Gebeurt dat?)

Radio noise: random.org.
HotBits: radioactive decay.

• "Echt" toeval: Quantum-Mechanica. Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen effect. (Video @ Victor Wentink)

• Mathematische generatie van pseudo-random getalsreeksen. Knuth.

Software for John Cage by Andrew Culver.

Citaten over toeval.

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     Random Grids are discussed on a separate page.

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Object-distributies:

Malewitch, Kandinsky (computer-simulatie in "Digital Mantras"), Miró (computer-simulatie),
Mondriaan (computer-simulatie Michael Noll), De Vries.

herman de vries: random objectivation, 1975

herman de vries: toevalsverdeling v 68-38, 1968.

 

Aqeel Ahmad: DHTML Chaos (<5k DHTML, 2002.)

Bit-101 Laboratory: 01 oct 05; 01 nov 02/28/29; 01 dec 19/21; 02 jan 03

Thomas Brattli: Useless random stuff. (<5k 2002.)

Herbert Brün.

Christian Cantrell: "Random Art with Mouse Movements". Entry for "The 5k", 2001.

Rectangle distribution changes impredictably in response to mouse movement. (Rectangles are redistributed and background colour changes.) Reload the page to get a new random set of coloured rectangles.

Andrew Childs: Around and Around, 2002.

Elout de Kok: In-Act. (<5k, 2002.) (Moving random configurations in 3D space.)

Peter Masselli: "M", 2000. (Moving random configurations in 3D space.)

Tripp Millican: random (i wish i could remember my dream) (<5k JavaScript, 2001.)

nooflat

Ben Nunn: Tricolore. (<5k DHTML, 2001.)

The random pattern is merely the initial configuration for a Rubik-style game.
The game doesn't seem to work on Mac's.

Reload Unlimited

Alan Storm: Random Boxes (<5k JavaScript, 2001.)

"Waaaaaay back in 1984, I learned to program in Basic from a book that came with our brand new IBM PC. Like most basic programming books, it had you doing all sorts of silly things. One of those was creating randomly placed and sized boxes made from the ASCII block character. So, that's what this is only with Javascript and DIVs."

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Random 3-D stapeling:

herman de vries:
toevallige stapeling, 1973.

Chris Burden: Beam Drop (1984). Een public artwork, gecreëerd door een hijskraan die een aantal stalen H-balken laat vallen in zacht cement. Artpark in Lewiston, New York.

Mikado.

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Lijn-distributie:

François Morellet, Frieder Nake, Georg Nees, Manfred Mohr, Michael Noll, Herman de Vries, Peter Struycken, Gerhard von Graevenitz, Zdenek Sykora, Kenneth Martin, Benoit Mandelbrot.

herman de vries: toevalsobjectivering v 66-59, 1966.

herman de vries: toevalsobjectivering v 66-60, 1966.

Benoit B. Mandelbrot: Random Pattern of Streets. Plate 105 (p.105) in: Fractals. Form, Chance and Dimension. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1977.

Zdenek Sykora: Linienbild Nr. 3 "Hundert Linien", 1975. 150 cm x 150 cm. Art Affairs, Amsterdam.

Zdenek Sykora: Linienbild Nr. 75, 1990. 200 cm x 200 cm

(Bespreek ook: Leeuwenberg, Lindenmayer, Harold Cohen.)

Von Graevenitz: toeval / kinetiek / "speel-objekten".

Bit-101 Laboratory: 02 jun 09

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Path through random points.

Michael Noll

Herman de Vries

Bit-101 Laboratory: 01 oct 06, 02 oct 19

Maya Paint Effects.

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Brownse Beweging

A. Michael Noll (Homepage); A. Michael Noll (Digital Art Museum).

Benoît Mandelbrot.

Bit-101 Laboratory: 02 feb 01; 02 jun 02; 02 dec 02

Leonel Maura: Mourabots.

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Fractale berglandschappen

Bit-101 Laboratory: 02 aug 08/09

Jared Tarbell: Self.Dividing.Forms, 2002.

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Vlakverdeling:

Simulaties van Mondriaan e.d.

Vlakverdelingen gegenereerd door cellulaire automaten. B.v.: Herman de Vries, Leo Geurts & Lambert Meertens. Zie: Cellular Automata.

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Random Shapes:

F. Attneave and M.D. Arnoult: Twenty-four point random polygons.

F. Attneave: "Stochastic Composition Processes." Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 17 (1959), pp. 183-193. F. Attneave and M.D. Arnoult: "The Quantitative Study of Shape and Pattern Perception." Psychological Bulletin 53 (1956), pp. 452-471. J.M. Vanderplas and E.A. Garvin: "The Association Value of Random Shapes." Journal of Experimental Psychology 57 (1959), pp. 147-154. Paul C. Vitz and Arnold B. Glimcher: Modern Art and Modern Science. The Parallel Analysis of Vision. New York: Praeger, 1984, p.230.

Bit-101 Laboratory: 02 mar 20; 02 apr 22/30; 02 may 03/12/23; 02 jul 30; 02 aug 11; 02 nov 18
Tim Burcham: Anima. (<5k Flash animation, 2002.)

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Superposition:

 

Ed Ho: Symbol, 2000.

Nurb: Online Gallery, (<5k, 2001.)

Jared Tarbell: Bone.Piles, 2002; Meiotic.Clusters, 2002.

 

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Stochastische Systemen:

Formele Systemen + Toeval.

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Noise (puur toeval): werkt niet, omdat het perceptueel uniform is, en dus equivalent aan het monochrome. Intuïtief tegendeel: "L'Informe". (Bataille, Fautrier.) Moeilijk te realiseren.

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Referenties Toeval

Jorge Luis Borges: The Lottery at Babylon.

Robert Musil: Dagboek-aantekeningen.

Luke Rhinehart: The Dice Man.

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Referenties Toevalskunst

Gottfried Boehm: "Zur Analyse eines künstlerischen Prolems bei F. Morellet." In Exhibition Catalogue François Morellet, Nationalgalerie Berlin, 1977. [In Reader 1992]

Kristin Brenneman: Chance in Art, 1994.

John Cage: Extract from "A year from Monday". In: Jasia Reichardt (ed.): Cybernetic Serendipity. The Computer and the Arts. Special issue of Studio International, 1968. [In Reader 1992]

John Cage and George Brecht: Variations III. 1963/1982. [In Reader 1992]

John Cage: "Experimental Music." (1957) In: Silence. Lectures and Writings by John Cage. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press, 1973, pp. 7 - 12. [In Reader 1993]

Michael Challinor: "Change, chance and structure: randomness and formalism in art." Leonardo 4 (1971), pp. 1-11.

Marcel Duchamp: "Erratum Musical." In: Michel Sabouillet and Elmer Peterson (eds.): The Essential Writings of Marcel Duchamp. London: Thames and Hudson, 1975. [In Reader 1993][Cf. Ya-Ling Chen: Erratum Musical, Tout-Fait, Vol. 1, nr. 1 (December 1999).]

Dick Higgins: Computers for the Arts. Somerville, Mass.: Abyss Publications, 1968/1970. [Including "Hank and Mary" by Dick Higgins, and "Proposition No. 2 for Emmett Williams" by Alison Knowles.] [In Reader 1992]

François Morellet: "Pour une peinture expérimentale programmée." (1962) In Exhibition Catalogue François Morellet, Nationalgalerie Berlin, 1977. [In Reader 1992] Translation: "For an experimental programmed painting." In Exhibition Catalogue François Morellet, Nationalgalerie Berlin, 1977. [In Reader 1991]

François Morellet: "Du spectateur au spectateur ou l'art de déballer son pique-nique." (1971) In Exhibition Catalogue François Morellet, Nationalgalerie Berlin, 1977. [In Reader 1992] Translation: "From the spectator to the spectator or the art of unpacking the picnic." In Exhibition Catalogue François Morellet, Nationalgalerie Berlin, 1977. [In Reader 1991]

François Morellet: "Avertissement." (1972) In Exhibition Catalogue François Morellet, Nationalgalerie Berlin, 1977. [In Reader 1992]

Mihai Nadin: "Alea iacta est."

herman de vries: "Random Objectivations." In: Revue Nul=0, 2 (1963), pp. 34-35. [Reprinted in: herman de vries, Werken 1954 - 1980, Exhibition Catalogue Groninger Museum, 1980.] [In Reader 1992]

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Web pieces about chance.

Kevin Conroy: 5120 Random Numbers (<5k, 2002) (calls the JavaScript pseudo-random number generator).

Antonio Romano: URL Generator Machine. (<5k, 2002.)